IOT Q and A

IOT q and a

Q11. Differentiate between IoT and traditional Internet.

Answer: The Internet of Things (IoT) and the traditional Internet differ in their purpose, users, and data flow.

IoT: Connects physical devices and sensors to exchange data automatically without human intervention.

Traditional Internet: Connects people, computers, and web applications for information sharing and communication. Key Points:

IoT focuses on machine-to-machine (M2M) communication.
Traditional Internet focuses on human-to-human interaction.
IoT enables automation in daily life and industries. Example: IoT — Smart home automation; Internet — Email communication.

Q12. Explain why IPv6 is crucial for IoT.

Answer: IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is crucial for IoT because it provides a vast address space that can uniquely identify billions of IoT devices globally. Importance:

Each IoT device needs a unique IP address for communication.
IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses (3.4 × 10³⁸ combinations).
Enhances routing efficiency and simplifies network configuration. Conclusion: IPv6 ensures seamless scaling of IoT networks as the number of connected devices grows rapidly.

Q13. Why is edge computing important in IoT?

Answer: Edge computing processes data closer to where it is generated rather than relying solely on the cloud. Importance:

Reduces latency and improves response time for critical applications.
Saves bandwidth by processing data locally.
Enhances security as sensitive data stays near its source. Example: In autonomous vehicles, edge computing ensures instant decision-making without waiting for cloud responses. Conclusion: Edge computing makes IoT systems faster, more reliable, and scalable.

Q14. Define 'smart home' in IoT context.

Answer: A smart home is a residence equipped with IoT-enabled devices that can be remotely monitored and controlled for automation, security, and energy efficiency. Features:

Automated lighting, heating, and cooling.
Smart locks and surveillance cameras for safety.
Voice control through assistants like Alexa or Google Home. Conclusion: Smart homes enhance convenience, comfort, and energy savings using interconnected IoT technologies.

Q15. Explain the role of gateways in IoT.

Answer: An IoT gateway acts as a bridge between IoT devices/sensors and cloud servers or the Internet. Functions:

Aggregates data from multiple sensors.
Converts communication protocols (e.g., from Zigbee to Wi-Fi).
Performs edge analytics before sending data to the cloud.
Ensures secure data transmission. Example: A Raspberry Pi used as a gateway for smart agriculture. Conclusion: Gateways play a vital role in ensuring connectivity, compatibility, and security in IoT networks.

Q16. Distinguish between BLE and Zigbee.

Answer:

Feature BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) Zigbee

Network Type Point-to-point Mesh network Range Short (up to 30m) Longer (up to 100m) Power Consumption Very low Moderate Data Rate Higher Lower Applications Wearables, healthcare devices Smart homes, industrial IoT Conclusion: BLE is ideal for portable, energy-efficient devices, while Zigbee is best for interconnected smart home networks.

Q17. What is fog computing in IoT?

Answer: Fog computing extends cloud computing to the edge of the network, distributing data processing across multiple nodes between the edge devices and cloud. Benefits:

Reduces latency and bandwidth usage.
Provides faster data processing.
Enhances security and reliability. Example: Smart traffic systems use fog nodes to analyze data locally before sending summarized reports to the cloud. Conclusion: Fog computing creates a balanced IoT architecture by bridging edge and cloud systems.

Q18. Describe IoT data lifecycle.

Unknown, [10-10-2025 22:36] Answer: The IoT data lifecycle defines how data flows through IoT systems in stages:

Collection – Sensors collect raw data.
Transmission – Data sent via network protocols to storage or cloud.
Processing – Data analyzed for insights.
Storage – Useful data securely stored for future use.
Action – Devices perform actions based on processed data. Conclusion: Proper management of the IoT data lifecycle ensures efficiency, security, and value generation from connected devices.

Q19. What is a digital twin in IoT?

Answer: A digital twin is a virtual model or replica of a physical IoT device or system. Purpose:

Monitors the real-time performance of physical assets.
Simulates changes to predict outcomes.
Enables predictive maintenance. Example: Digital twin of a wind turbine to monitor performance and detect failures. Conclusion: Digital twins enhance operational efficiency and reduce downtime in IoT-based systems.

Q20. Explain the concept of 'context awareness' in IoT.

Answer: Context awareness means IoT devices can sense and respond automatically based on the environment and user behavior. Example:

A smart air conditioner adjusts cooling based on room temperature and occupancy. Importance:

Enhances user comfort and automation.
Saves energy.
Improves decision-making by adapting to real-time changes. Conclusion: Context-aware IoT systems create personalized and intelligent environments.

Applying

Q21. Suggest two IoT sensors for smart farming.

Answer:

Soil Moisture Sensor: Monitors soil humidity for irrigation control.
Humidity Sensor: Tracks air moisture to optimize crop growth. Conclusion: Together, they help automate irrigation and improve agricultural productivity.

Q22. Apply IoT to traffic management.

Answer: IoT in traffic management uses sensors and connectivity to optimize vehicle flow. Applications:

Smart Traffic Lights: Adjust signal timing based on real-time congestion.
Vehicle Tracking: Monitors vehicle movement and provides alternate routes. Outcome: Reduces traffic jams, improves safety, and saves fuel.

Q23. Which IoT devices are suitable for smart waste bins?

Answer:

Ultrasonic Sensors: Detects fill level of bins.
GPS Trackers: Track bin locations for efficient collection routes. Result: Reduces overflow, saves fuel, and enhances waste management efficiency.

Q24. How can IoT improve elderly care?

Answer:

Wearable Health Monitors: Track heart rate, oxygen levels, and alert caregivers in emergencies.
Fall Detection Systems: Automatically notify family or hospitals if a fall occurs. Conclusion: IoT enables independent, safe living and proactive medical response for seniors.

Q25. Suggest two IoT devices for industrial safety.

Answer:

Gas Leak Sensors: Detect harmful gas emissions early.
Vibration Sensors: Monitor machinery for irregular movements or breakdowns. Conclusion: Prevents accidents, ensures worker safety, and reduces downtime.

Q26. Apply IoT in water conservation.

Answer:

Smart Meters: Track real-time water usage.
Leak Detection Sensors: Identify and alert about pipeline leaks. Impact: Reduces water waste and promotes sustainable management.

Q27. Name two IoT solutions for smart classrooms.

Answer:

Smart Boards: Enable interactive learning experiences.
Attendance Tracking via RFID: Automatically records student attendance. Conclusion: IoT makes education efficient, engaging, and automated.

Q28. How can IoT assist in environmental monitoring?

Answer:

Air Quality Sensors: Measure pollution levels (CO₂, PM2.5).
Noise Monitoring Systems: Track and control sound pollution. Outcome: Helps authorities maintain environmental standards and promote sustainability.

Q29. Suggest IoT use in supply chain.

Answer:

RFID Tags: Track goods during transport.

Unknown, [10-10-2025 22:36] 2. GPS-Enabled Fleet Monitoring: Monitors delivery vehicle routes. Benefit: Improves logistics efficiency and reduces losses due to mismanagement.

Q30. Apply IoT in energy management.

Answer:

Smart Meters: Monitor real-time energy usage.
Predictive Maintenance Systems: Detect power grid faults early. Result: Ensures energy efficiency, reduces wastage, and lowers operational costs.

Analyzing

Q31. Compare MQTT and HTTP for IoT communication.

Answer:

Feature MQTT HTTP

Nature Lightweight Heavyweight Communication Publish/Subscribe Request/Response Efficiency Suited for low bandwidth Requires high bandwidth Ideal For IoT devices Web applications Conclusion: MQTT is more efficient for IoT communication due to its low overhead and continuous connectivity.

Q32. Analyze why IoT devices are more vulnerable to attacks.

Answer: Reasons:

Weak Authentication: Many IoT devices use default or no passwords.
Limited Resources: Devices lack processing power for advanced encryption.
Large Attack Surface: Billions of devices increase exposure risk. Example: Smart cameras can be hacked if not secured properly. Solution: Regular firmware updates, data encryption, and strong authentication methods.

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Q33. Compare cloud vs edge in data processing for IoT.

Answer: Cloud computing provides centralized processing and storage with high scalability, but it often suffers from high latency and network dependency. Edge computing, on the other hand, processes data closer to the source (sensors/devices), reducing latency and bandwidth usage.

Cloud: Scalable, centralized, high latency.

Edge: Fast, localized, limited resources. Example: In smart cities, edge devices process traffic data instantly, while cloud stores historical data for analysis.

Q34. Analyze the role of sensors in smart city IoT.

Answer: Sensors are the foundation of smart city IoT systems. They collect real-time data from the environment—like temperature, air quality, noise levels, and traffic flow. This data enables city administrations to make informed decisions on pollution control, waste management, and efficient energy use. Example: Smart bins with sensors alert authorities when full, optimizing waste collection routes.

Q35. Compare NFC and RFID in IoT.

Answer:

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Supports long-range communication (up to several meters), used for tracking and inventory.

NFC (Near Field Communication): Short-range (a few centimeters), provides secure one-to-one communication. Example: RFID for warehouse management; NFC for contactless payments.

Q36. Identify two main causes of IoT device battery drain.

Answer:

Frequent Data Transmission: Continuous data sending consumes significant power.
Constant Sensor Activity: Always-on sensors draw current even during idle states. Solution: Duty cycling and low-power communication protocols can reduce drain.

Q37. Analyze how IoT contributes to Industry 4.0.

Answer: IoT plays a crucial role in Industry 4.0 by enabling real-time connectivity and automation. It allows predictive maintenance through sensor data, minimizing downtime. IoT also facilitates smart manufacturing using real-time analytics and machine-to-machine communication. Example: Smart factories use IoT sensors to predict machine failures and optimize workflows.

Q38. Compare 4G vs 5G for IoT.

Answer:

4G: Higher latency (~50ms), limited scalability, good for mobile IoT.

5G: Ultra-low latency (<1ms), high device density, supports massive IoT and autonomous systems. Example: 5G enables autonomous vehicles and remote surgeries, which are not feasible on 4G.

Q39. Identify IoT failure points in disaster warning systems.

Answer: IoT systems can fail due to:

Power Outages: Disabling sensors or gateways.
Network Congestion: Data transmission delays during high traffic. Impact: False alarms or delayed alerts can hinder timely evacuation.

Q40. Compare centralized IoT system vs decentralized (blockchain-based).

Answer:

Centralized IoT: Efficient but vulnerable to single-point failure and security breaches.

Decentralized (Blockchain): Offers higher security, transparency, and trust, but is computationally heavy. Example: Blockchain-based IoT enhances trust in supply chain tracking.

Q41. Evaluate LoRaWAN suitability for smart agriculture.

Answer: LoRaWAN is highly suitable for smart agriculture because of its long-range communication, low power consumption, and ability to cover large rural areas. It supports battery-powered sensors monitoring soil moisture, temperature, and crop conditions. Example: Farms using LoRaWAN reduce water waste via real-time irrigation control.

Q42. Assess Wi-Fi effectiveness for IoT wearables.

Answer: Wi-Fi is not ideal for IoT wearables because it consumes high power and has limited range for mobile users. Wearables require lightweight, low-energy communication like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Example: Fitness bands use BLE to conserve battery life.

Unknown, [10-10-2025 22:39] Q43. Should IoT systems rely solely on cloud processing? Why/why not?

Answer: No, relying only on the cloud increases latency and risks during connectivity issues. Edge/Fog computing complements the cloud by processing data near the source, ensuring real-time decisions and reliability. Example: Smart traffic lights need edge processing for immediate action without cloud dependency.

Q44. Evaluate the risks of IoT in smart homes.

Answer: Smart homes face risks like:

Privacy Invasion: Devices collect personal data.
Hacking: Weak security allows unauthorized access.
Internet Dependency: Devices fail during outages. Solution: Strong encryption and secure authentication protocols.

Q45. Is BLE better than Zigbee for wearable devices?

Answer: Yes, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is better for wearables because it consumes less power and is optimized for short-range, low-data communication. Zigbee suits mesh networks, not personal devices. Example: Smartwatches and fitness trackers commonly use BLE.

Q46. Assess the importance of encryption in IoT.

Answer: Encryption ensures that sensitive IoT data remains secure during transmission and storage. It protects against cyberattacks, eavesdropping, and data breaches. Example: Encrypted communication prevents attackers from intercepting smart home device data.

Q47. Evaluate challenges of interoperability in IoT.

Answer: Different IoT devices often come from various vendors with incompatible protocols. This lack of standardization creates communication barriers. Solution: Adopting open standards and middleware solutions improves interoperability and data exchange.

Q48. Is 5G essential for autonomous vehicles using IoT?

Answer: Yes, 5G is critical due to its ultra-low latency and high-speed connectivity, which allow real-time vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Example: Autonomous cars rely on 5G to avoid collisions and make instant decisions.

Q49. Evaluate ethical risks of IoT in surveillance.

Answer: IoT surveillance raises ethical issues like:

Privacy Violation: Constant monitoring of individuals.
Data Misuse: Unauthorized use of collected data.
Lack of Consent: People may be unaware of being monitored. Solution: Strict data protection laws and transparency in data collection.

Q50. Should governments regulate IoT device standards? Why?

Answer: Yes, government regulation is essential to ensure security, interoperability, and consumer protection. Regulations can prevent insecure devices from entering the market and promote standard communication protocols. Example: EU’s GDPR ensures IoT data privacy compliance.

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Remembering

Q1. Define the Internet of Things (IoT) and list any two real-world IoT applications.

Answer: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that can collect, exchange, and act on data through the Internet without human intervention. These devices use sensors, software, and communication technologies to interact intelligently. Applications:

Smart Homes: Devices like smart thermostats, bulbs, and security cameras connected to the internet for remote control.
Connected Cars: Vehicles that use IoT for navigation, diagnostics, and communication with other vehicles or infrastructure.

Q2. Name any two low-power wireless communication protocols widely used in IoT.

Answer:

Zigbee: A low-power, short-range wireless communication protocol used in home automation and smart lighting systems.
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network): Designed for long-distance communication with low power consumption, suitable for applications like smart agriculture and environmental monitoring.

Q3. What are IoT gateways? Give one example.

Answer: IoT gateways are devices that connect IoT sensors and actuators to cloud platforms or servers. They handle data collection, protocol translation, and communication between devices and networks. Example: Raspberry Pi can serve as an IoT gateway by collecting data from sensors and transmitting it to a cloud server for analysis.

Understanding

Q4. Explain the role of sensors and actuators in an IoT system with one example each.

Answer:

Sensors: These collect data from the environment such as temperature, humidity, light, or motion. Example: A temperature sensor in a smart air conditioner measures room temperature.

Actuators: These perform actions based on received data or commands. Example: A motor turning ON/OFF an irrigation pump when soil moisture is low.

Q5. Differentiate between MQTT and CoAP protocols in IoT communication.

Answer:

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):

Publish/subscribe model

Works over TCP/IP

Lightweight and reliable

Best for constrained networks and real-time communication

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):

Request/response model similar to HTTP

Works over UDP

REST-based and suitable for simple IoT devices

Ideal for applications where data transmission must be fast with minimal resources.

Q6. Describe the concept of “edge computing” in IoT and why it is important.

Answer: Edge computing processes data near the source (edge) instead of sending all data to the cloud. Importance:

Reduces latency and improves real-time responses.

Saves bandwidth by processing only necessary data locally.

Enhances security by keeping sensitive data closer to the source.

Useful for applications like autonomous vehicles and industrial automation.

Applying

Q7. Illustrate with an example how IoT can be applied in smart agriculture.

Answer: In smart agriculture, IoT can automate irrigation based on soil conditions. Example: A soil moisture sensor detects low moisture levels and sends data to the cloud. The cloud triggers a command to an actuator to start the irrigation pump. Once the soil reaches optimal moisture, the system automatically stops watering. Benefit: This reduces water wastage and improves crop yield efficiently.

Q8. Suppose you are designing a smart parking system. Which IoT sensors would you use and why?

Answer:

Ultrasonic Sensors: Detect the presence or absence of vehicles in parking spots by measuring distance.

RFID Tags: Used for vehicle identification to manage entry/exit automatically. Reason: These sensors provide accurate detection and easy integration for real-time monitoring of parking availability.

Unknown, [10-10-2025 22:44] Q9. A company wants to monitor employee health using IoT wearables. Suggest two key parameters that can be tracked and their significance.

Answer:

Heart Rate: Monitors employee stress or fitness levels and helps detect abnormalities.
Blood Oxygen (SpO₂): Tracks oxygen saturation levels to identify fatigue or potential health risks early. Significance: Continuous health tracking promotes workplace safety, productivity, and employee well-being.

Analyzing

Q10. Compare cloud-based IoT data storage vs. edge-based IoT data storage in terms of latency and security.

Answer:

Cloud Storage:

High latency due to long-distance data transfer.

Offers large storage capacity but is more vulnerable to cyber-attacks.

Edge Storage:

Low latency as data is processed locally.

Provides better control and improved data privacy, though with limited storage capacity. Conclusion: Edge storage is more secure and faster, whereas cloud storage is suitable for large-scale analytics.

Q11. Analyze the main security challenges in IoT devices and propose one possible solution.

Answer: Challenges:

Weak authentication mechanisms

Data interception during transmission

Outdated firmware vulnerabilities Solution: Implement strong encryption techniques and regular firmware updates to protect data and prevent unauthorized access, ensuring secure communication across IoT devices.

Q12. Given a smart home IoT system (smart bulbs, smart thermostat, CCTV), identify potential points of failure and explain why.

Answer:

Wi-Fi Router Failure: All devices depend on a single router; if it fails, the system becomes non-functional.
Weak Passwords: Increases the risk of hacking and unauthorized access.
Cloud Dependency: If the cloud server is down, remote control and monitoring features fail. Conclusion: Redundancy, strong authentication, and local control backups can minimize these failures.

Evaluating

Q13. Evaluate whether 5G is more suitable than Wi-Fi for large-scale IoT deployments. Justify your answer.

Answer: 5G: Offers high device density, ultra-low latency, and wide coverage—making it ideal for industrial-scale IoT networks like smart cities. Wi-Fi: More cost-effective for small-scale or indoor IoT setups such as offices or homes. Justification: 5G supports more devices with faster communication and minimal delay, hence more suitable for large-scale deployments.

Q14. Critically assess the trade-offs between energy efficiency and data transmission rate in IoT devices.

Answer: IoT devices face a trade-off between data speed and power consumption.

High Transmission Rate: Consumes more power, reducing battery life.

Low Energy Mode: Saves power but decreases data rate and responsiveness. Conclusion: The optimal balance depends on the application—for instance, wearables prioritize energy efficiency, while CCTV systems prioritize transmission speed.

Creating

Q15. Design a conceptual IoT-based solution to reduce food wastage in urban areas. Mention the key IoT components in your design.

Answer: Concept: Smart Food Waste Management System Components:

Sensors: Detect food freshness and storage temperature in restaurants or homes.

IoT Gateway: Transfers data to the cloud.

Cloud Platform: Analyzes data to predict spoilage.

Mobile App: Alerts users to donate or consume food before expiry. Outcome: Reduces food wastage, promotes sustainability, and supports community food donation efforts.

Remembering

Q1. What does an actuator do in an IoT system? Give one example.

Unknown, [10-10-2025 22:44] Answer: An actuator in an IoT system is a device that converts control signals (electrical or digital) into physical actions. It performs specific tasks based on commands received from the IoT controller or cloud system. Example: A servo motor controlling a robotic arm is an actuator. When a sensor detects movement, the actuator moves the arm accordingly. Importance: Actuators bridge the gap between digital intelligence and physical operations, enabling automation.

Q2. List two examples of wearable IoT devices.

Answer:

Smartwatch: Tracks user activities such as heart rate, steps, and sleep patterns, sending data to a smartphone or cloud.
Fitness Tracker: Monitors daily exercise, calories burned, and health parameters. Explanation: These devices collect health-related data and provide real-time feedback, helping users maintain a healthy lifestyle through IoT-enabled connectivity.

Q3. Define LPWAN and mention one protocol used in it.

Answer: LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) is a wireless communication technology designed for long-range connectivity and minimal power consumption, ideal for IoT applications involving battery-operated devices. Example of Protocol: LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) – used for communication in smart agriculture, logistics, and environmental monitoring. Key Benefit: It supports low data rates over large distances with very low power usage.

Understanding

Q4. Explain the difference between RFID and NFC in IoT applications.

Answer:

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification):

Works on radio waves and can operate at long ranges (up to several meters).

Commonly used for asset tracking, inventory management, and logistics.

NFC (Near Field Communication):

Operates at very short range (a few centimeters).

Commonly used for contactless payments and access control systems.

Conclusion: RFID is suitable for large-scale tracking, whereas NFC is ideal for secure, short-distance communication.

Q5. Why is IPv6 important for IoT?

Answer: IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) provides a huge address space that allows every IoT device to have a unique IP address, which is essential for large-scale IoT networks. Reasons:

Supports trillions of unique device connections.
Enables direct device-to-device communication.
Simplifies network management and scalability. Conclusion: Without IPv6, global IoT deployment would face address exhaustion problems.

Q6. Describe how a smart thermostat works using IoT principles.

Answer: A smart thermostat uses IoT to automatically control home temperature. Process:

Sensors collect room temperature data.
The data is sent to a cloud controller.
The thermostat adjusts the HVAC system accordingly. Example: When the temperature drops below a set value, the thermostat turns on the heater. Benefit: It ensures energy efficiency and comfort using real-time monitoring.

Applying

Q7. Apply IoT in transportation: suggest two IoT devices that improve road safety.

Answer:

Smart Traffic Lights: Use real-time vehicle density data to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion.
Vehicle Collision Sensors: Detect obstacles or other vehicles nearby and alert the driver or trigger automatic braking. Explanation: These IoT-based systems help prevent accidents and improve overall traffic management and safety.

Q8. Suppose you design a smart healthcare bed. Which sensors would you integrate?

Answer:

Pressure Sensors: Detect bed occupancy and posture to prevent bedsores in patients.
Heart Rate/ECG Sensors: Continuously monitor vital signs like heart rate and detect abnormalities. Conclusion: These sensors provide real-time health monitoring, enabling doctors and caregivers to respond quickly to medical emergencies.

Q9. Suggest two IoT components for a smart water quality monitoring system.

Answer:

pH Sensor: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of water to ensure it is safe for consumption.

2. Turbidity Sensor: Detects water clarity and presence of impurities. Explanation: The data from these sensors can be transmitted to the cloud for analysis, helping authorities ensure clean water supply and detect pollution sources.

Analyzing

Q10. Compare Zigbee and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for IoT applications.

Answer:

Feature Zigbee Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

Network Type Mesh Network Point-to-Point Range Long Range (up to 100m) Short Range (up to 30m) Power Consumption Moderate Very Low Data Rate Lower Higher Application Smart homes, industrial IoT Wearables, healthcare devices

Conclusion: Zigbee is suitable for networked systems like smart homes, while BLE is ideal for low-power personal devices.

Q11. Analyze the scalability challenges in large-scale IoT networks.

Answer: Challenges:

Address Management: Managing billions of device IP addresses is complex.
Network Congestion: Increased devices cause data traffic overload.
Interoperability Issues: Devices from different manufacturers may use incompatible protocols. Solution: Using IPv6, standard communication protocols, and efficient data routing can reduce scalability problems.

Q12. In a smart city project, identify two critical points where IoT failure may cause disruption.

Answer:

Traffic Control Systems: Failure may lead to accidents, traffic jams, and signal mismanagement.
Smart Grid Power Distribution: Disruption can cause large-scale power outages. Conclusion: Reliable backup systems and secure communication are essential to prevent such failures in smart city operations.

Evaluating

Q13. Evaluate the suitability of cloud-only IoT architecture for mission-critical applications.

Answer: A cloud-only IoT architecture depends heavily on Internet connectivity, which can introduce high latency and single points of failure. Issues:

Increased response time in emergencies.

Risk of service downtime due to cloud failures. Conclusion: Cloud-only systems are not ideal for mission-critical operations. A hybrid architecture combining edge and cloud computing ensures reliability and faster decision-making.

Q14. IoT wearables generate personal health data. Discuss ethical concerns in sharing this data.

Answer: Ethical Concerns:

Privacy Breaches: Unauthorized access to sensitive health data.
Data Misuse: Insurers or employers may discriminate based on health conditions.
Lack of User Consent: Data may be shared without proper permission. Conclusion: Strict privacy policies, encryption, and user consent mechanisms are needed to ensure ethical use of IoT health data.

Creating

Q15. Design a conceptual IoT solution for disaster management (flood/earthquake). Mention key IoT elements.

Answer: Concept: IoT-based Disaster Management System Key Elements:

Sensors: Flood sensors, seismic sensors for real-time detection.

IoT Gateways: Transmit sensor data to cloud servers.

Cloud Platform: Analyzes data and triggers alerts.

Drones: Used for monitoring affected areas and rescue missions.

Mobile Alerts: Sends instant warnings to nearby residents. Outcome: Enables early warning, efficient rescue coordination, and minimizes disaster impact.